Discovering Abstract Expressionism

The first time I heard the words “abstract expressionism” I was in New York, trying to grab another day of leave before the army shipped me overseas. At that time in 1952, while browsing through Greenwich Village, I came upon The Cedar Tavern.  “That’s where the abstract expressionists raise hell,” a sophomore girl from Barnard told me. “If you’re interested in art, that’s where the action is.”

Well, my interest was piqued, but time rushed in and stole me away from that small bar, cramped with the likes of Jackson Pollock, Willem deKooning, and Franz Kline.

It wasn’t until I returned from a tour of duty that included 18 months serving in Korea, that I began to worship the aforementioned artists. Seemed I had brought two visions back with me to the US: Zen calligraphy, brushed with black Sumi ink on rice paper, and the haunting image, indelible in my mind, of an atomic cloud over the devastated city of Hiroshima, Japan. My god. Could this 16-odd number of painters, most of them sons of European immigrants have formed a cauldron influenced by similar visual impressions? Their large canvases bearing the storm of a kind of strange desperation grabbed me by the throat. Different from any paintings I’d seen before, they conveyed both violence and its antithesis, joy, as if that particular combination could carry an artist straight into his dreams.

And there was something else about this new wave of painting called the New York School. It was strictly American. Like jazz, it erupted from the city sidewalks of this country like an astral fist to the face of what had always belonged to an older, more foreign world.

Grace Hartigan

The fifties, those explosive years that defined my youth, were coming to an end. I’d recently finished college and landed my first teaching job. Now, I thought, would be a fine time to veer from my academic approach to drawing and painting and throw myself into the waves of abstract expressionism. This was my mind-set on that rainy morning in Los Angeles, when I entered the Simone Silva Gallery, a cloud break tapping the roof, not a human visible, just the impact of a single canvas catching my eye in the small space short of the main gallery.

“Who is this?” I asked, meaning: Who created this wonder that seems at once to capture recognizable forms and then shatter them into a mystery? Who is strong enough to go to that point beyond the mind and into the soul? “Damn,” I added, full-voiced. “Who is this?”

I hadn’t looked closely at the only other person in the space, the way she laughed, almost silently. “Who are you?” she asked. “I’m Grace Hartigan.”

Slender, pale, and appearing a bit lost, she seemed to be in stark contrast to the picture exhibited, and two others she would eventually convince Mr. Silva to bring into view. Looking back now, I see myself revitalized after a three year stretch in the army by an art world under siege. It was if a certain freedom had reached a group of American painters and catapulted them into a realm unlike any before them. This sudden phenomenon lifted me. I felt wildly free! And why not? Yes, my home base was Fresno, but that didn’t disqualify me from the revolution.

There would be no more lavender-shadowed still lifes or landscapes for me. Goodbye French impressionists. Hello to the incorrigibles known as the New York School. Forget the tea, unless you could smoke it. Throw out the crumpets and bring on the pork rinds and Pabst Blue Ribbon. Quit trying to capture the nude figure with charcoal sticks, but keep the models around for inspiration. This new tribe of artists, Miss Hartigan would in time inform me, were her personal associates, their names as frightfully foreign as a pro football team’s offensive line—Pollock, Rothko, deKooning, Baziotes—had stormed into view and left the air smelling of wet paint and a noise as American as bebop.

I couldn’t have know much about Grace Hartigan back then, other than she was one of a small group of women painters mentioned along with the men responsible for the burst of abstract expressionism. Television was just a baby, and social media stopped at closing time in the neighborhood bar. We artists across the land knew only what we read in print and what we heard from the few messengers bearing news. The idea of getting rich through painting or sculpting didn’t exist, and becoming famous was a laugh line.

“How do you like California,” I asked her.

She informed me in a New Jersey accent that she once worked “near here” as a mechanic during the war. I realized she meant WW2, and was 10 years older than me. “My husband at the time was in the service and I couldn’t find anything in commercial art.”

We talked a bit more, and then moved into the main gallery to take a look at the work of Rico Lebrun. While observing his large moody figure studies I made a comment that still bothers me all these years later. It came from me without thinking, words praising Lebrun’s “powerful masculine approach” that stretched into unabashed chauvinism. Oh, I got away with it. At least Hartigan allowed me my “enfant terrible” moment by keeping silent. She did tell me later that she’d sold many of her works under the pseudonym of “George” Hartigan, her eyes holding mine to make sure I felt her emotion behind such a decision.

Many times since my brief meeting with Grace Hartigan, I’ve examined Nina Leen’s 1950 Life magazine’s group photo of the “Fab Fifteen,” the culprits she thought best portrayed the “new cutting edge.” We are left now, to wonder how many artists featured in that iconic camera shot actually went on to build a movement destined to shake the art world?. For one thing, the picture is without Franz Kline, perhaps the wildest of the bunch, so it is not complete. And the one woman, Hedda Sterne, seems to have been added to lessen the band’s testosterone level.

I wish Nina Leen had found Grace Hartigan that day in Greenwich Village and shuffled her into the mix. Grace would have been about thirty at the time, but she had her own studio, full of large paintings that exemplified that extra step, that desire in every artist to dare even her own soul.

Hundred Dollar Warhol

Shortly before  Walt Esslinger died a few years ago, we talked in his small yellow painted studio in Bakersfield. Sixteen years my senior, he’d been my close friend, mentor and running mate since 1960.

“You still writing?” he asked.

“Yes,” I answered, taking in the space’s renovations he’d recently sub-contracted. Ninety one years old, and he was thinking ahead.

“Do me a favor,” he said. “Write the Andy Warhol story.”

Walt was a Central Valley guy, an L.A. guy, a Las Vegas guy. A man who knew his way around. “I want you to put on record what happened back then when I bought the soup can painting.”

Back then was the fall of 1962. The two of us had been exhibiting our paintings in the L.A. Art Institute’s gallery for locals only. Walt had given legendary Ad Rhinehardt a story about how he and I had been working in both Edward Kienholz’s and John Altoon’s studios (false—we’d only been visiting). One morning, the Institute’s Director, who hadn’t suspected us to be charlatans yet, introduced us to a reed thin, tow headed young man leaning against the main gallery’s wall.

“Meet Andy Warhola,” he said. “Andy is from New York.”

“Warhol,” the boy/man said.

“Painter?” Walt asked him.

“Shoe Illustrator.”

The director made a snorting noise I took to mean that Warhola or Warhol’s modesty was posed. He mentioned something about Andy having a show on the La Cienega strip of galleries. We exchanged mumbles about how the art world was in flux, nothing more than that, and Walt and I moved on. If this strange cat had anything to look at, we’d see it. It was a Monday, and La Cienega’s twenty some galleries would be opening new shows and serving champagne that evening.

North La Cienega Avenue, laid over a network of oil veins decades before, had become the street for the Cool School, a group of artists and gallery people trying to bring Los Angeles’s art scene to life. The galleries were small but proud. Sure, Jazz was born on the Delta and raised in New Orleans, St, Luis and Chicago, but L.A. had fifty-three jazz joints according to Chet Baker, who’d blown with the best. Why then should the West Coast be lagging behind New York in the other truly American expression, abstract art?

At the Ferus Gallery that night we found Warhol’s exhibit.

“Shit,” I said.

Walt grinned. “You no like?”

“Not exactly my can of soup,” I said, peeking into the small space, loaded now wall to wall with paintings of Campbell’s Tomato Soup.

Walt stepped into the space. “How about the idea of it?”

I made my way through spectators looking at once to be confused, amused, enthused and abused. When I came back to Walt he was still smiling. “Why didn’t he silk screen ‘em?” I asked.

“That’s probably his next move,” Walt said.

“You wanna stay?”

Walt’s keen eyes cased the joint. “I see Irving Bloom over there,” he said. “Believe I’ll stick around and talk with him.”

Bloom had been operating this popular gallery for some time now. “One hundred a month,” he’d told me. “It’s not like I’m getting rich.” I stood around for a bit, heard a fellow abstract expressionist I’d met tell a young lady who looked to be lost, “Okay that’s the soup. Come with me, baby, and I’ll show you the juice.” Two doors down I stopped at the Primus-Stuart Gallery. A group of people had gathered around a display of soup cans, stacked grocer’s pyramid style in the window. All Campbell’s. All Tomato. A sign leaning against the grouping stated: “Get the real thing. Thirty cents each.”

That’s the way it was. Twenty-four galleries forming a gauntlet between La Cienega’s 300 block, all the way up to Barney’s Beanery at the corner of Santa Monica. Hollywood types dressed to the nines, Beats dressed for the times just gone. Champagne popping. Jazz bopping. Sweet talkin’. All of us walkin’ the night toward lives we thought would never end.

“Barney’s Beanery,” I reminded Walt. “When we met up later that night in Barney’s, you told me that you’d given Irving Bloom one hundred dollars for one of the soup can paintings.”

Walt glanced up from his computer, where he was composing a high resolution photo of jazz pianist Earl Hines’ face, the musician’s nickname “Fatha” under it. “That’s the story I want you to tell.”

I studied his hands, still ageless, still steady. The same hands that had helped design the iconic Flamingo sign in Vegas, well over a half century earlier. “How did it work?” I waited until he caught my grin. “The part where you didn’t get the painting.”

“Bloom called me after about a week,” Walt said, like he was orating for prosperity. “Told me he was sending my check back. That Warhol wanted the paintings sold as a unit.”

Over the years we’d talked of Warhol, how Walt, at first glance, had understood what the artist was about. “You said that night that the idea of the paintings as a suite was their importance. Their ‘bonafides’ was how you put it.”  

Walt leaned back in his chair, eyes looking beyond his Van Gough yellow studio. “Bloom knew it too,” he said. “He ended up giving Andy one thousand for the lot and sending him back to New York.”

Of course Walt had told me about this before, but I wanted the details again. “And Warhol accepted that?”

“It was his first show ever, Larry. You have to get that part, what the guy must have been thinking. I doubt he even showed up at the gallery that night, everybody walking by putting down his work.”

“Bum kickin’ it,” I said.

“Thinking it was a ruse.”

“Like Dizzy blowin’ a Magee on a tune just for kicks.”

Walt laughed, that wonderful near soundless cackle. “Anyway, Bloom saw it too. He told me he’d sold three or four others and had little trouble giving the payments back, that the buyers had second thoughts about the soup cans and were happy to know their checks would be voided.”

“And Bloom kept the paintings for two decades.”

“More like three.”

“And finally donated them to the New York Museum of Modern Art.”

“Donated,” Walt said, his voice a rasp in the quiet, sunlit space that held countless touches of his art, “for fifteen million dollars.” He handed me the graphic of Earl Hines. “This what you wanted,” he asked, fixing a gaze on me over his glasses. “I used Avant Garde font on ‘Fatha’.”

“Perfect.” We sat in silence for a few moments. “How old were you when you roomed with Earl Hines above the Grand Terrace in Chicago?”

“In the Parkway Hotel,” he said, finding a memory. “I was nineteen.”

“Another story.”

“Yes,” he said. “Another story.”

Cinco de Mayo

It’s 1963. I’ve quit my teaching job ($4,000 a year) at Fresno High to try working full time as a commercial artist. Got a new home (Trend Homes by Spano, $12,000). Decide my birthday party needs a bottle of red wine (about a half gallon of Gallo Chianti, the kind in a husk basket because I think it will look good with my books on their plank and cinderblock book case.

I drive a couple blocks to Jackson Jones Liquor on the corner of Shields and West, park an old gray Chevy sedan I’ve named Moby, walk in, head straight for the wine display. Wow. Only one left down there on the bottom shelf. Just about to grab its dusty neck, when a huge hairy-knuckled hand beats me to it. Really it’s a tie, but I give in.

“All yours,” I say, “Mr. Saroyan.” For I’m looking straight into the fire and ashes of the legend’s face. First encounter with the man I’ve chased, spotted and missed in the Mecca Pool Hall, Blackstone Billiards, Ryan’s Arena, The Fresno Public Library. At The Big Fresno Fair, the Stockton, Pleasanton and Del Mar Race Tracks. Duke’s Place, Janofsky’s Pub, The Old Fresno, Duggan’s Yack and Snack, Darby’s Tavern, the Greyhound Bus Terminal, the Bike Shop on Shields and Wishon, The Fresno YMCA (the day Abe Davidian was shot to death down the block), and twice in San Francisco on what proved to be bogus  leads.

He’s off to another display. No smile or thank you. Off before I can thank him for his body of work. Off before I can share a story about one of the bookies we have shared. One who’d cheated us. One we busted. One like Papa Joe who forgave us the juice when we were busted. God knows I’ve been told the stories. But, man, it would be great to hear one from him.

No such luck. I choose another bottle of wine. Unadorned. Probably not even a cork. Fuck it. I don’t care any more.

“Can I see some I.D.?”

It’s a new girl behind the counter, checking me out.

“You’re kidding, right?” I spread my wallet out in front of her. “I’m thirty-one, for Christ’s sake.” I hold the proof up for her and a few gawking patrons. “Five. Five. Thirty-two.”

From one of the people in line waiting behind me. Big voice. Like thunder. “Cinco de Mayo.”

I find him easy. “Right,” I say, “Cinco de Mayo, Mr. Saroyan.”

“Happy birthday,” he says.

Driving Moby back home, I must have been thinking how I would tell about meeting the Big One someday. I must have put a hundred strokes to it, giving it a little English here, a little follow-through there. Making sure I didn’t scratch. No worry though. I can pass for younger than I am. Saroyan’s so strong he’s scary. No one can kill us.